[2026] PTE Academic Reading - Multiple Choice, Multiple Answers

The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 18th century, was a period of transition to new manufacturing processes.This era was marked by the shift from hand production methods to machines, the development of steam power, and the rise of the factory system.One of the key drivers of this change was the mechanization of the textile industry, which drastically increased the speed and volume of fabric production.The introduction of the steam engine, pioneered by James Watt, allowed factories to be built away from water sources, leading to rapid urbanization.Furthermore, improvements in iron smelting and the expansion of the canal and railway networks facilitated the transportation of raw materials and finished goods.While the Industrial Revolution led to significant increases in economic output and the standard of living for many, it also brought about profound social challenges.The rapid growth of cities resulted in overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions for the working class.Additionally, the early industrial workforce, including children, often endured long hours in dangerous environments.This led to the emergence of labor movements and the eventual passage of laws aimed at protecting workers' rights.Despite its social costs, the Industrial Revolution is considered the birth of modern economic growth and technological progress.