[2026] PTE Academic Reading - Re-order paragraphs

The traditional 'take-make-waste' model of industrial production has long dominated global economic activity.

In this linear system, raw materials are extracted, processed into products, and eventually discarded as trash.

However, the emerging concept of a circular economy offers a more sustainable alternative by prioritizing resource efficiency.

Instead of discarding used items, this model focuses on designing products that can be easily repaired, reused, or recycled back into production.

By closing the loop on material flows, businesses can reduce environmental impact while simultaneously lowering operational costs.