[2026] PTE Academic Reading - Multiple Choice, Multiple Answers

Mycorrhizal networks are underground hyphal networks created by mycorrhizal fungi that connect individual plants together and transfer water, carbon, and nutrients.These fungal networks are often referred to as the "Wood Wide Web" because they allow trees to communicate and share resources.The relationship between the fungi and the plants is overwhelmingly mutualistic, meaning both organisms benefit significantly from the interaction.

In this symbiotic exchange, the host plant supplies the fungi with carbohydrates produced through photosynthesis.In return, the fungal mycelium, which has a much larger surface area than the plant's root system, vastly improves the plant's absorption of water and essential minerals like phosphorus.This enhanced nutrient uptake is particularly crucial in poor soils where plants would otherwise struggle to survive.

Furthermore, these networks play a vital role in forest resilience.Mature trees, sometimes called "hub trees," can use the fungal connections to channel nutrients to younger, shaded seedlings that lack sufficient sunlight for adequate photosynthesis.Additionally, when a tree is attacked by pests, it can send chemical warning signals through the network, prompting neighboring trees to increase their own defensive responses.